> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://docs.plasteax.earth/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://docs.plasteax.earth/explainers/data-sources.md). # Data Sources These are the various original data sources that we use as the inputs to our [model](/explainers/model.md) to calculate the end-of-life fate data of different plastics and packaging types. {% hint style="info" %} If you want to suggest potential other sources please get in touch with and let us know {% endhint %} ## International Sources * Gaulier, G., & Zignago, S. (2010). *Baci: international trade database at the product-level (the 1994-2007 version).* * Elliott et al. (2018). *Assessment of measures to reduce marine litter from single use plastics.* ICF and Eunomia, M. European Commission, Brussels. * GAIA (2019). *Discarded: Communities on the Frontlines of the Global Plastic Crisis.* * OECD (2019). *Global Plastics Outlook Database.* * Blue environment (2020). National Waste Report 2020 - prepared for Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment * Kaza Silpa, Yao Lisa C., Bhada-Tata Perinaz, Van Woerden Frank (2018), What a Waste 2.0 : A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050 * United Nations Statistics Division, UN COMTRADE. International Merchandise Trade Statistics. ## Regional Source ### **Asia** * Navarre et al. (2022) Recycled plastic packaging from the Dutch food sector pollutes Asian oceans; ### Europe * Plastics Europe (2020), PlasticsEurope Polska annual report 2019 * Eurostat (extracted Oct. 2021) waste generation and treatment database. * EU Infringements Decisions, May 2020; * EU Infringements Decisions, October 2021 * EU Infringements Decisions, July 2021 * EU Infringements Decisions, February 2022 * European Environmental Agency (2014). Horizon 2020 Mediterranean report - Annex 6 ### **Latin America and the Caribbean** * IDB (2010). *Regional evaluation on urban solid waste management in Latin America and the Caribbean - 2010 Report.* * IDB (2012). *Solid waste management in Latin America and the Caribbean.* * Jambeck et al. (2020). *Plastic Waste Management and Leakage in Latin America and the Caribbean.* * UNEP (2018). *Waste Management Outlook for Latin America and the Caribbean.* * Hettiarachchi H., Ryu S., Caucci S., Silva R. (2018), Municipal Solid Waste Management in Latin America and the Caribbean: Issues and Potential Solutions from the Governance Perspective * Riqelme et al. (2016). Solid Waste Management in the Caribbean Proceedings from the Caribbean Solid Waste Conference ### **Middle East and North Africa** * Thabit et al. (2022). *Facts and Figures on Aspects of Waste Management in the Middle East and North Africa Region.* * UNEP (2019). *Waste Management Outlook for West Asia.* * Zafar (2018). *Waste Management Outlook for the Middle East.* * African Clean Cities Platform (2019) Africa Solid Waste Management Data Book 2019\_Recueil de données sur la gestion des déchets solides en Afrique * ONU (2015) L’Avenir de la Gestion des Déchets en Afrique * GCC-STAT (2020) Waste statistics in the GCC countries (Arab version) ## Country-Specific Sources ### **Argentina** * World Bank (2015). *Diagnóstico de la Gestión Integral de Residuos Sólidos Urbanos en la Argentina.* ### **Bahrain** * Coskuner et al. (2020) Quantification of landfill gas generation and renewable energy potential in arid countries: Case study of Bahrain * Blanchard et al. (2021) An Evaluation of Waste Management for Energy Recovery for Bahrain. ### **Bangladesh** * Suiko Yoshijima et al. (2021). *Towards a Multisectoral Action Plan for Sustainable Plastic Management in Bangladesh.* * Salma Akter Urme et al. (2021). *Dhaka landfill waste practices: addressing urban pollution and health hazards.* * UNEP/CCAC (2013). *Solid Waste Management in Dhaka.* ### **Brazil** * Abrelpe (2020). *Panorama dos resíduos sólidos no Brasil.* * Fidelis et al. (2020). *Socio-productive inclusion of scavengers in municipal solid waste management in Brazil, Practices, paradigms and future prospects.* ### **Cambodia** * Pheakdey et al. (2022). *Challenges and Priorities of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Cambodia.* * Sethy et al. (2014). *Municipal Solid Waste Management in Cambodia.* ### **Canada** * ECCC, Deloitte (2019) Economic Study of the Canadian Plastic Industry, Markets And Waste ### **China** * CRRA (2020). *China renewable resource recovery development report.* * ChinaBaoGao (2021). *China plastics recycling industry analysis report.* * MSW management (2020). *National Bureau of Statistics of China.* * WorldBank (2019). *Urban and Rural Municipal Solid Waste in China and the Circular Economy.* ### **Colombia** * Superservicios (2019). *Informe de disposición final de residuos sólidos Colombia - 2018.* * DANE (accessed in Oct.2021). Censo nacional de población y vivienda 2018 - Colombia ### **Ecuador** * INEC (2021). Estadistica de Información Ambiental Económica en Gobiernos Autónomos Descentralizados Municipales. Gestion de Residuos Solidos 2020. * INEC (2019). Tabulados del Modulo de Información Ambiental en Hogares, ESPND 2019. Cuadro 5 ### **Egypt** * BMZ (2019). *Improving waste management in Egypt.* * Dr. Tarek Zaki et al. (2014). *Country report on the solid waste management in Egypt.* * Elfeki et al. (2015). *Treatment of municipal organic solid waste in Egypt.* * Mohamed El Raey (2015). *Egypt National Action Plan for Land-Based Sources of Pollution in the Mediterranean Sea.* ### **Greece** * Eurostat (extracted Oct. 2021) waste generation and treatment database. Ethnos, 2021, Greece reduces fines from the EU by 32% for illegal landfills (article in Greek). ### **India** * CPCB (2020-2021), Annual Report on Implmentation of Solid Waste Management Rules * Ministry of Housing and Urbain Affairs, Government of India (2019), Plastic Waste Management: Issues, Solutions and Case Studies * Akhilesh Kumar, Avlokita Agrawal (2020), Recent trends in solid waste management status, challenges, and potential for the future Indian cities - A review ### **Indonesia** * NPAP (2020). Radically reducing plastic pollution in Indonesia : industry action roadmap indonesia national plastic action partnership. In WEF. ### **Italy** * CJEU Case Law C498-17 Commission vs Italy (2019). ### **Jamaica** * NSWMA (2015). Waste characterisation studies 2015; Statistical Insititute of Jamaica () ### Japan * Plastic Waste Management Institute(2019) An Introduction to Plastic Recycling. * Takashi, Amemiya (2018) Current State and Trend of Waste and Recycling in Japan. ### **Kenya** * Elliott et al. (2018). Plastic Packaging Waste Flows in Kenya. Eunomia Research & Consulting Ltd, 37. * IUCN/UNEP (2020). National Guidance for plastic pollution hotspotting and shaping action - Report for Kenya. ### **Kuwait** * Alsulaili et al. (2016). *An integrated solid waste management system in Kuwait.* * Council for planning and development (2019). *Kuwait National development plan 2020-2025.* * UNHabitat (2016). National report kuwait housing and sustainable urban development. ### Latvia * European Environment Agency (2022). *Early warning assessment related to the 2025 targets for municipal waste and packaging waste - Country profile: Latvia.* ### **Malaysia** * Ministry of Environment, Plastic waste control plan (2020). * WWF (2020). *Study on Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) Scheme Assessment for Packaging Waste in Malaysia.* * Cheng et al., (2022) A Review of Future Household Waste Management for Sustainable Environment in Malaysian Cities * Chen et al., (2020) The plastic waste problem in Malaysia: management, recycling and disposal of local and global plastic waste * GAIA (2019). Discarded: Communities on the Frontlines of the Global Plastic Crisis ### **Mexico** * Holland Circular Hotspot, (2021) Waste Management in the LATAM Region: Waste Management Country Report: Mexico ### Morocco * Oxford Business Group (2020), Modernisation of Morocco's waste-management infrastructure receives international support * WWF (2019), Stop the flood of plastic. A guide for policy makers in Morocco ### Mozambique * IUCN/UNEP (2020). National Guidance for plastic pollution hotspotting and shaping action - Report for Mozambique. * IUCN/UNEP (2020). National Guidance for plastic pollution hotspotting and shaping action - Report for Mozambique * Trade Data Monitoring (2022), 2019 data for Mozambique. ### **New Zealand** * Estimates of waste generated in Aotearoa New Zealand. BERL (2019) Waste to energy – The incineration option * Ministry for the Environment (2019). *Estimates of waste generated in Aotearoa New Zealand.* * Plastics New Zealand (2005). *Sustainable End-of-Life Options for Plastics in New Zealand.* ### Nigeria * Kehinde et al. (2020). Plastic wastes: environmental hazard and instrument for wealth creation in Nigeria ### **Pakistan** * Asian development bank(2022), Solid waste management sector in pakistan march 2022 a reform road map for policy makers * unescap (2014), Baseline Study for Solid Waste Management - Karachi * Report, world bank group (2021). Pakistan: Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Mountain Areas * International Trade Administration (2021), Pakistan Country Commercial Guide ### **Panama** * Holland Circular Hotspot (2021). Waste Management Country Report - Panama * UNSTATS (2015). Panama Cuadro R3: Gestión de desechos municipales. * Urban Ocean (2021) Enhance the recovery of recyclable material in Panama City. ### Peru * Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica (2020). MÓDULO V: Servicios publicos locales saneamiento ambiental e salubridad, Cuadro 09. * Instituto Nacional de Estadistica e Informatica (2016). Anuario Estatistico Ambientale. Componente 3: Residuos ### **Philippines** * WWF (2021). *EPR scheme assessment for plastic packaging waste in the Philippines.* * World Bank Group (2021). *Market Study for the Philippines: Plastics Circularity Opportunities and Barriers.* ### Poland * Journalismfund (2021) The waste mafia: Tracing illegal waste exports from germany to Poland. * Mohamed Alwaeli (2015) An overview of municipal solid waste management in Poland: The current situation, problems and challenges. ### **Qatar** * Mariyam et al. (2022). *Waste Management in Qatar: A Systematic Literature Review and Recommendations for System Strengthening.* * Thabit et al. (2022). *Facts and Figures on Aspects of Waste Management in the Middle East and North Africa Region.* * Planning and Statistics Authority, (June 2021). Environment Statistics Report in the State of Qatar 2020; ### Republic of Korea * New Policy Framework with Plastic Waste Control Plan for Effective Plastic Waste Management (2020) * An Estimation of Actual Recycling and Final Disposal Rates of Municipal Solid Waste by Material Flow Analysis in Korea (2019) * kosis.kr Excel on informal collection (2020); Urban Informatics in Sustainable Waste Management: A Spatial Analysis of Korea’s Informal Recycling Networks (2021) * The Health Status of InformalWaste Collectors in Korea (2020) ### **Russia** * Wünsch et al. (2022) Municipal solid waste management in Russia: potentials of climate change mitigation * IFC(2014) Waste in russia: garbage or valuable resource? ### **Rwanda** * The World Bank (2022). *Plastic Waste Management in Rwanda: An Ex-post Policy Analysis.* ### **Saudi Arabia** * BioEnergy Consult (2022). Recycling and Waste-to-Energy Prospects in Saudi Arabia * Hadidi et al. (2020). Deploying Municipal Solid Waste Management 3R-WTE Framework in Saudi Arabia: Challenges and Future * Ossama et al. (2020). A Review of Municipal Solid Waste Management Practices in Saudi Arabia * Radwan et al. (2021). Optimization of solid waste collection using RSM approach, and strategies delivering sustainable development goals (SDG’s) in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia * Arabnews (2022). How a culture of recycling can reduce waste generation in Saudi Arabia; ### **Singapore** * Ministry of the Environment and Water Resources National Environment Agency (2019). *Zero Waste Masterplan Singapore.* * Singapore Environment Council (2018). *Consumer Plastic & Plastic Resource Ecosystem in Singapore.* * Sustainability and the Environment (2021). *Launch of the Plastics Recycling Association of Singapore.* ### **South Africa** * IUCN/UNEP (2020). *National Guidance for plastic pollution hotspotting and shaping action - Report for South Africa.* ### Switzerland * Office fédéral de l'environnement (2019). Recyclage des emballages pour boissons en 2019 * Federal Office for the Environment (2022). Waste Disposal methods. * Klotz and Haupt (2022). A high-resolution dataset on the plastic material flows in Switzerland ### **Tanzania** * IUCN/UNEP (2020). National Guidance for plastic pollution hotspotting and shaping action - Report for Tanzania. ### **Thailand** * IUCN/UNEP (2020). National Guidance for plastic pollution hotspotting and shaping action - Report for Thailand. ### **Tunisia** * GIZ, SWEEP-Net, ANGed (2014). *Report on solid waste management in Tunisia.* * Agence Nationale de Protection de l'Environnement (2020). Evaluation nationale des indicateurs H2020/PAN - Tunisie ### **Turkey** * Karasik, R. Duke University (2022). *Plastic Pollution Policy Country Profile: Turkey.* * Turkish Statistical Institute (2022). *Waste Statistics.* ### **Uganda** * CARE International (2019). *Plastic waste recycling and local manufacturing of products made from the recycled plastic.* * Castellani et al. (2022). *Setting priorities to achieve Sustainable Development Goals through appropriate waste management systems in Uganda.* * NatuRes (2021). *Exploring PET plastic waste flows in Greater Kampala.* ### **United Arab Emirates** * Federal Competitiveness and Statistic Centre (2016) Waste Statistics * SCAD (Statistic Centre Abu Dhabi) (2019) Waste statistics in Abu Dhabi emirate; ### **United States** * EPA (2020). *Advancing Sustainable Materials Management: 2018 Fact Sheet.* * Law et al. (2020). *The United States’ contribution of plastic waste to land and ocean.* ### Uruguay * Grau Javier, Terraza Horacio, Rodríguez Velosa Diana Milena, Rihm Alfredo, Sturzenegger Germán (2015), Solid Waste Management in Latin America and the Caribbean * Ministerio de Ambiente (2021), Plan nacional de gestión de residuos ### Vietnam * IUCN/UNEP (2020). *National Guidance for plastic pollution hotspotting and shaping action - Report for Vietnam.* * GA Circular and WEF (2020). Vietnam National Plastic Action Plan - Roadmap to Radically Reduce Plastic Leakage * World Bank Group (2022). Market Study for Vietnam : Plastics Circularity Opportunities and Barriers. Marine Plastics Series. * MONRE (2019). National Environmental Status Report 2019, Theme: Management of solid waste (in Vietnamese) ### Zambia * Sambo et al. (2020). Sustainable Solid Waste Management: An Assessment of Solid Waste Treatment in Lusaka, Zambia. * Tejumola et al. (2012). Ni Vus Ni Connus : La Contribution Des Récupérateurs Informels Dans Les Pays En Développement